Scientific Background and Reference Sources
Mannstadt M. Parathyroid hormone secretion and action. Updated February 25, 2025. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/parathyroid-hormone-secretion-and-action
Goyal A, Anastasopoulou C, Ngu M, Singh S. Hypocalcemia. 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430912/
Fuleihan GE-H, Silverberg SJ. Primary hyperparathyroidism: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and evaluation. Updated September 28, 2023. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-hyperparathyroidism-diagnosis-differential-diagnosis-and-evaluation
Stubbs JR, Yu ASL. Hypophosphatemia: Evaluation and treatment. Updated March 6, 2024. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypophosphatemia-evaluation-and-treatment
Workinger JL, Doyle RP, Bortz J. Challenges in the Diagnosis of Magnesium Status. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1202. doi:10.3390/nu10091202
Khan AA, Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, et al. Evaluation and Management of Hypoparathyroidism Summary Statement and Guidelines from the Second International Workshop. J Bone Miner Res. Dec 2022;37(12):2568-2585. doi:10.1002/jbmr.4691
Mantovani G, Bastepe M, Monk D, et al. Diagnosis and management of pseudohypoparathyroidism and related disorders: first international Consensus Statement. Nature reviews Endocrinology. Jun 29 2018;doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0042-0
Valcour A, Zierold C, Blocki FA, et al. Trueness, precision and stability of the LIAISON 1-84 parathyroid hormone (PTH) third-generation assay: comparison to existing intact PTH assays. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. May 11 2018;doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-0217
Fuleihan GE-H, Juppner H. Parathyroid hormone assays and their clinical use. Updated March 22, 2024. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/parathyroid-hormone-assays-and-their-clinical-use
Wojda SJ, Donahue SW. Parathyroid hormone for bone regeneration. J Orthop Res. Oct 2018;36(10):2586-2594. doi:10.1002/jor.24075
Leder BZ. Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Analogs in Osteoporosis Therapy. Curr Osteoporos Rep. Apr 2017;15(2):110-119. doi:10.1007/s11914-017-0353-4
Bislev LS, Langagergaard Rodbro L, Sikjaer T, Rejnmark L. Effects of Elevated Parathyroid Hormone Levels on Muscle Health, Postural Stability and Quality of Life in Vitamin D-Insufficient Healthy Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Calcif Tissue Int. Dec 2019;105(6):642-650. doi:10.1007/s00223-019-00612-2
Marcucci G, Della Pepa G, Brandi ML. Drug safety evaluation of parathyroid hormone for hypocalcemia in patients with hypoparathyroidism. Expert Opin Drug Saf. May 2017;16(5):617-625. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1311322
Rodriguez-Ortiz ME, Canalejo A, Herencia C, et al. Magnesium modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and upregulates parathyroid receptor expression at moderately low calcium concentration. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Feb 2014;29(2):282-9. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft400
Shaker JL, Deftos L. Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al, eds. Endotext. MDText.com, Inc.; 2023.
Han CH, Fry CH, Sharma P, Han TS. A clinical perspective of parathyroid hormone related hypercalcaemia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. Dec 3 2019;doi:10.1007/s11154-019-09529-5
Lederer E. Regulation of serum phosphate. The Journal of physiology. Sep 15 2014;592(18):3985-95. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273979
Quamme GA. Renal handling of magnesium: drug and hormone interactions. Magnesium. 1986;5(5-6):248-72.
Konishi H, Fujiwara H, Itoh H, et al. Influence of magnesium and parathyroid hormone on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology letters. Jan 2018;15(1):658-664. doi:10.3892/ol.2017.7345
Hernandez-Becerra E, Jimenez-Mendoza D, Mutis-Gonzalez N, Pineda-Gomez P, Rojas-Molina I, Rodriguez-Garcia ME. Calcium Deficiency in Diet Decreases the Magnesium Content in Bone and Affects Femur Physicochemical Properties in Growing Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. Jan 9 2020;doi:10.1007/s12011-019-01989-9
Hanon EA, Sturgeon CM, Lamb EJ. Sampling and storage conditions influencing the measurement of parathyroid hormone in blood samples: a systematic review. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. Oct 2013;51(10):1925-41. doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0315
Sturgeon CM, Sprague S, Almond A, et al. Perspective and priorities for improvement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement - A view from the IFCC Working Group for PTH. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. Apr 2017;467:42-47. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.016
Almond A, Ellis AR, Walker SW. Current parathyroid hormone immunoassays do not adequately meet the needs of patients with chronic kidney disease. Annals of clinical biochemistry. Jan 2012;49(Pt 1):63-7. doi:10.1258/acb.2011.011094
Bensalah M, Bouayadi O, Rahmani N, Lyagoubi A, Lamrabat S, Choukri M. Comparative study of the serum measurement of PTH on Roche Cobas e411((R)) versus the Abbott Architect ci8200((R)). Ann Biol Clin (Paris). Jan 1 2018;76(1):61-67. Etude comparative du dosage de la PTH serique sur Architect ci8200((R)) versus Cobas e411((R)). doi:10.1684/abc.2017.1309
Press DM, Siperstein AE, Berber E, et al. The prevalence of undiagnosed and unrecognized primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based analysis from the electronic medical record. Surgery. Dec 2013;154(6):1232-7; discussion 1237-8. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2013.06.051
Pak CYC, Kaplan R, Bone H, Townsend J, Waters O. A Simple Test for the Diagnosis of Absorptive, Resorptive and Renal Hypercalciurias. New England Journal of Medicine. 1975/03/06 1975;292(10):497-500. doi:10.1056/NEJM197503062921002
Mayo. Calcium, 24 Hour, Urine. https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/overview/610595#Clinical-and-Interpretive
Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Twenty-four-hour urine chemistries and the risk of kidney stones among women and men. Kidney international. Jun 2001;59(6):2290-8. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00746.x
Mayo. Magnesium, Serum. https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8448
Kreepala C, Kitporntheranunt M, Sangwipasnapaporn W, Rungsrithananon W, Wattanavaekin K. Assessment of preeclampsia risk by use of serum ionized magnesium-based equation. Renal failure. Nov 2018;40(1):99-106. doi:10.1080/0886022x.2017.1422518
Hamedanian L, Badehnoosh B, Razavi-Khorasani N, Mohammadpour Z, Mozaffari-Khosravi H. Evaluation of vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone, and calcium among Iranian pregnant women with preeclampsia: A case-control study. Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd). Dec 2019;17(11):831-840. doi:10.18502/ijrm.v17i10.5494
Rooney MR, Alonso A, Folsom AR, et al. Serum magnesium and the incidence of coronary artery disease over a median 27 years of follow-up in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. Jan 1 2020;111(1):52-60. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz256
Mancuso E, Perticone M, Spiga R, et al. Association between Serum Mg(2+) Concentrations and Cardiovascular Organ Damage in a Cohort of Adult Subjects. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1264. doi:10.3390/nu12051264
Sri-Ganeshan M, Walker KP, Lines TJ, et al. Evaluation of a calcium, magnesium and phosphate clinical ordering tool in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. Mar 2022;53:163-167. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.003
Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for Definitive Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surgery. 2016;151(10):959-968. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2310
Mantovani G, Bastepe M, Monk D, et al. Recommendations for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pseudohypoparathyroidism and Related Disorders: An Updated Practical Tool for Physicians and Patients. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2020;93(3):182-196. doi:10.1159/000508985
Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Clarke BL, Mannstadt M, Potts JT, Brandi ML. The Fifth International Workshop on the Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2022;37(11):2290-2292. doi:10.1002/jbmr.4670
Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Oct 2014;99(10):3561-9. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1413
NCCN. Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors. Updated January 17, 2025. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/neuroendocrine.pdf
NCCN. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Version 3.2024. Updated December 20,2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/all.pdf
NCCN. Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis - Version 1.2025. Accessed 12/12/23, https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/amyloidosis.pdf
NCCN. Bone Cancer - Version 1.2025. Updated August 20, 2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/bone.pdf
NCCN. Breast Cancer - Version 1.2025. Updated January 31, 2025. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf
NCCN. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma - Version 1.2025. Updated October 1, 2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cll.pdf
NCCN. Esophageal and Esphagogastric Junction Cancers - Version 5.2024. Updated December 20, 2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/esophageal.pdf
NCCN. Kidney Cancer - Version 3.2025. Updated January 09, 2025. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/kidney.pdf
NCCN. Multiple Myeloma Version 1. 2025. Updated September 17,2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/myeloma.pdf
NCCN. Occult Primary (Cancer of Unknown Primary [CUP]) - Version 2.2025. Updated September 11, 2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/occult.pdf
NCCN. Prostate Cancer - Version 1.2025. Updated December 4, 2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf
NCCN. T-Cell Lymphomas - Version 1.2025. Updated November 11,2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/t-cell.pdf
NCCN. Thyroid Carcinoma - Version 5.2024. Updated January 15,2025. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/thyroid.pdf
KDIGO. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney international. 2013;3(1):v-150.
KDIGO. KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney international. July 2017 2017;7(1):1-59.
KDIGO. KDIGO 2024 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. 2024;105(4S)
Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al. Medical Management of Kidney Stones: AUA Guideline. Journal of Urology. 2019;
KDOQI. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. NKF KDOQI. 2003
NCCMH. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. Bipolar Disorder: The NICE Guideline on the Assessment and Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Young People in Primary and Secondary Care. British Psychological Society (c) The British Psychological Society & The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014.; 2023.
NICE. Multiple sclerosis in adults: management. Updated June 22, 2022. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng220
NICE. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. Suspected Cancer: Recognition and Referral. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) Copyright (c) National Collaborating Centre for Cancer.; 2023.
Wright M, Southcott E, MacLaughlin H, Wineberg S. Clinical practice guideline on undernutrition in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. Oct 16 2019;20(1):370. doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1530-8
Jawaid I, Rajesh S. Hyperparathyroidism (primary) NICE guideline: diagnosis, assessment, and initial management. 2020;
NICE. Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management. Updated August 25, 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng203
Endocrinology ESo. Managing Parathyroid Disorders: Chronic Hypoparathyroidism. European Journal of Endocrinology 2022;2
Eisen A, Somerfield MR, Accordino MK, et al. Use of Adjuvant Bisphosphonates and Other Bone-Modifying Agents in Breast Cancer: ASCO-OH (CCO) Guideline Update. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2022;40(7):787-800. doi:10.1200/jco.21.02647
Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis—2020 Update. Endocrine Practice. 2020/05/01/ 2020;26:1-46. doi:10.4158/GL-2020-0524SUPPL
Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, et al. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Endocrine Practice. 2017;23(2)
Magee LA, Pels A, Helewa M, Rey E, von Dadelszen P. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: executive summary. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC. May 2014;36(5):416-41.
Magee LA, Smith GN, Bloch C, et al. Guideline No. 426: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Prediction, Prevention, and Management. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC. May 2022;44(5):547-571.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2022.03.002
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e895-e1032. doi:doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
Tieder JS, Bonkowsky JL, Etzel RA, et al. Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (Formerly Apparent Life-Threatening Events) and Evaluation of Lower-Risk Infants. Pediatrics. May 2016;137(5)doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0590
Orloff LA, Wiseman SM, Bernet VJ, et al. American Thyroid Association Statement on Postoperative Hypoparathyroidism: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management in Adults. Thyroid. Jul 2018;28(7):830-841. doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0309
Gonzalez-Campoy JM, St Jeor ST, Castorino K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for healthy eating for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and endocrine diseases in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/the American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Sep-Oct 2013;19 Suppl 3:1-82. doi:10.4158/ep13155.Gl
Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for The Perioperative Nutrition, Metabolic, And Nonsurgical Support of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Procedures - 2019 Update: Cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, The Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists - Executive Summary. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Dec 2019;25(12):1346-1359. doi:10.4158/gl-2019-0406
Association AG. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on Constipation. AGA 2013;144(1)doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029
Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. Oct 2016;26(10):1343-1421. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229
Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 6/2020
Medical Director review 4/2021
Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 6/2021
Medical Director review 6/2021
Medical Director review 4/2023
Medical Director review 4/2024
Medical Director review 4/2025